RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of ingesting chloridquellen and bicarbonate spring waters on electrogastrography and heart rate variability in humans. The subjects were ten young adults (average age 21.9 years old). Three and six cycles per minute (cpm) frequency of electrogastrography (EGG) were measured, as well as the high-frequency (HF: 0.15-0.40Hz) components, and the ratio of low-frequency (LF: 0.04-0.15Hz) components to HF components in heart rate variability (HRV) during 90 minutes. The taste of the water and pain or abnormalities in the stomach were also assessed by having the subjects answer a questionnaire. The subjects ingested the spa water or purified water and were asked to respond to the questionnaire after thirty minutes, and they also ingested no water on a different day and were questioned. The EGG-6 cpm frequency, presumably reflecting intestinal activity, did not change under any conditions. The EGG-3 cpm frequency, presumably reflecting stomach activity, significantly increased with bicarbonate spring waters immediately after ingestion and decreased after 30 min. Additionally, the 3 cpm frequency significantly increased with ingestion of purified water over the course of 30 min. The HF components in HRV, presumably reflecting cardiac parasympathetic activity, did not change under any conditions. The ratio of LF to HF components in HRV, presumably reflecting cardiac sympathetic activity, significantly increased with ingestion of purified water immediately and after 15 min, and bicarbonate spring waters after 30 min. There was a difference between ingestion of chloridquellen and purified water in the answers concerning the taste of the water in the questionnaire. These findings suggest that the constituent parts of chloridquellen water and other factors activate stomach and autonomic nervous activities in humans.
RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of ingesting chloridquellen and bicarbonate spring waters on electrogastrography and heart rate variability in humans. The subjects were ten young adults (average age 21.9 years old). Three and six cycles per minute (cpm) frequency of electrogastrography (EGG) were measured, as well as the high-frequency (HF: 0.15-0.40Hz) components, and the ratio of low-frequency (LF: 0.04-0.15Hz) components to HF components in heart rate variability (HRV) during 90 minutes. The taste of the water and pain or abnormalities in the stomach were also assessed by having the subjects answer a questionnaire. The subjects ingested the spa water or purified water and were asked to respond to the questionnaire after thirty minutes, and they also ingested no water on a different day and were questioned. The EGG-6 cpm frequency, presumably reflecting intestinal activity, did not change under any conditions. The EGG-3 cpm frequency, presumably reflecting stomach activity, significantly increased with bicarbonate spring waters immediately after ingestion and decreased after 30 min. Additionally, the 3 cpm frequency significantly increased with ingestion of purified water over the course of 30 min. The HF components in HRV, presumably reflecting cardiac parasympathetic activity, did not change under any conditions. The ratio of LF to HF components in HRV, presumably reflecting cardiac sympathetic activity, significantly increased with ingestion of purified water immediately and after 15 min, and bicarbonate spring waters after 30 min. There was a difference between ingestion of chloridquellen and purified water in the answers concerning the taste of the water in the questionnaire. These findings suggest that the constituent parts of chloridquellen water and other factors activate stomach and autonomic nervous activities in humans.
RESUMO
We previously reported that in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the number of baths that patients report taking at their first evaluation at a memory clinic was significantly decreased in comparison to before the onset of dementia. Based on this research, we thought further longitudinal evaluation was needed regarding the relationship between the number of baths, cognitive impairment and depression state after AD progression. In the present study, we reevaluate the number of baths; cognitive function tests (Hasegawa’s Dementia Scale-Revised [HDS-R], Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE] and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised [WAIS-R]); and the depression assessment (Zung Self-rating Depression Scale [SDS]) 1 year after first evaluation.<BR> At the first evaluation, the average number of baths taken by 65 AD patients (16 male, 49 female; range: 64-90 years, average: 79.5±5.6 years), was 5.6±1.6 bathsweek. At the reevaluation, this number had decreased to 4.9±1.9 bathsweek. In the WAIS-R, a significant positive correlation was found between the score change in number of baths and the change in performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) and total intelligence quotient (TIQ). However, no significant correlation was found between the score change in number of baths and the change in HDS-R, MMSE, or verbal intelligence quotient in WAIS-R or SDS.<BR> We further evaluated the present series by dividing the study population into two subtypes: a group of patients in which the number of baths decreased 1 year after the first evaluation, and a group in which there was no change. There were no significant differences in background factors (e.g. average age at first evaluation) between the groups. Although, no significant difference was observed between the groups in number of baths before dementia onset (both were 6.7 timesweek), a significant difference was found at the first evaluation (5.3 bathsweek vs 5.9 bathsweek, respectively). No significant differences were observed between the groups in cognitive function test or depression assessment at the first evaluation. However, on reevaluation the group with the decreased number of baths showed significantly lower PIQ and TIQ scores in WAIS-R and a significantly higher SDS score.<BR> The results of the present study suggested that number of baths decreased along with the progression of AD and the greatest participating factor was the practical dysfunction reflected by the PIQ score in WAIS-R. Furthermore, we considered the existence of two subtypes: patients in whom the number of baths decreases with AD progression and those in whom there is no change.
RESUMO
We previously reported that in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the number of baths that patients report taking at their first evaluation at a memory clinic was significantly decreased in comparison to before the onset of dementia. Based on this research, we thought further longitudinal evaluation was needed regarding the relationship between the number of baths, cognitive impairment and depression state after AD progression. In the present study, we reevaluate the number of baths; cognitive function tests (Hasegawa’s Dementia Scale-Revised [HDS-R], Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE] and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised [WAIS-R]); and the depression assessment (Zung Self-rating Depression Scale [SDS]) 1 year after first evaluation. At the first evaluation, the average number of baths taken by 65 AD patients (16 male, 49 female; range: 64-90 years, average: 79.5±5.6 years), was 5.6±1.6 bathsweek. At the reevaluation, this number had decreased to 4.9±1.9 bathsweek. In the WAIS-R, a significant positive correlation was found between the score change in number of baths and the change in performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) and total intelligence quotient (TIQ). However, no significant correlation was found between the score change in number of baths and the change in HDS-R, MMSE, or verbal intelligence quotient in WAIS-R or SDS. We further evaluated the present series by dividing the study population into two subtypes: a group of patients in which the number of baths decreased 1 year after the first evaluation, and a group in which there was no change. There were no significant differences in background factors (e.g. average age at first evaluation) between the groups. Although, no significant difference was observed between the groups in number of baths before dementia onset (both were 6.7 timesweek), a significant difference was found at the first evaluation (5.3 bathsweek vs 5.9 bathsweek, respectively). No significant differences were observed between the groups in cognitive function test or depression assessment at the first evaluation. However, on reevaluation the group with the decreased number of baths showed significantly lower PIQ and TIQ scores in WAIS-R and a significantly higher SDS score. The results of the present study suggested that number of baths decreased along with the progression of AD and the greatest participating factor was the practical dysfunction reflected by the PIQ score in WAIS-R. Furthermore, we considered the existence of two subtypes: patients in whom the number of baths decreases with AD progression and those in whom there is no change.